Research Article

Phenylalanine Rich Diet (Vicia faba L.) Enhances the Expression of Dopamine Receptor D3 (DRD3) Gene in Rabbits

Ghada Mostafa Shebl
Tanta University, Egypt
* Corresponding author
Hanan Ibrahim Sayed-Ahmed
Tanta University, Egypt
Mohamed Bassuony Hamza
Tanta University, Egypt
Ashraf Salah El-Din Haider
Tanta University, Egypt
DOI icon 10.24018/ejbio.2021.2.5.297

Read Counter
443

Downloads
437

Citations

Share

Article Sidebar

Submitted 2021-09-15
Published 2021-10-24

Read counter = 443 times

Table of Contents

Article Main Content

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter hormone for pleasure and reward. It is synthesized only in the brain cells of human and animals and responsible for the regulation of behavior, mood, memory, cognitive, flexible movement, the body weight, and other important functions. The Dopamine Receptor D3 (DRD3) is the most important receptor for dopamine. In this investigation, expression of DRD3 gene was studied in rabbits fed on supplemented diet of dry and fresh faba bean (Vicia faba L. Sakha 3). DRD3 gene (≈ 1200 bp) in control and treated rabbits were PCR amplified, sequenced and aligned with reference gene (Acc. No XM_017346708.1). High genetic similarity values were detected among all sequences. DRD3 gene sequences of control, fresh and dry faba bean fed rabbits were deposited in the GenBank with accession numbers MZ714134, MZ714135 and MZ714136 respectively. Direct estimation of blood phenylalanine (Phe) amino acid indicated that feeding rabbits on dry faba bean reflected the highest level of Phe in the rabbit’s blood. Quantitative RT-qPCR analysis showed that DRD3 gene was over expressed after feeding rabbits on dry faba bean form compared with feeding on green form and control. Thus, diet rich with phenylalanine like Sakha3 (dry and fresh forms) enhance gene expression of DRD3 gene. However, diet doesn't affect the DRD3 gene sequence and structure. In a conclusion, our findings indicated a direct effect of faba bean supplemented diet on increasing DRD3 expression levels which improve the life quality for human.

Keywords: Dopamine Receptor D3 (DRD3), faba bean, Oryctolagus cuniculus, RT-qPCR

References

  1. D. Martins, M. A. Mehta and D. Prata, "The “highs and lows” of the human brain on dopaminergics: Evidence from neuropharmacology," Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 80, 351-371, 2017.
     Google Scholar
  2. E. Galaj, A. H. Newman and Z. X. Xi, "Dopamine D3 receptor-based medication development for the treatment of opioid use disorder: Rationale, progress, and challenges," Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 114, 38-52, 2020.
     Google Scholar
  3. X. Dong, Z. Liao, D. Gritsch, Y. Hadzhiev, Y. Bai, J. J. Locascio and C. H. Adler, "Enhancers active in dopamine neurons are a primary link between genetic variation and neuropsychiatric disease," Nature Neuroscience 21(10): 1482-1492, 2018.
     Google Scholar
  4. D. Benton and H. A. Young, "A meta-analysis of the relationship between brain dopamine receptors and obesity: a matter of changes in behavior rather than food addiction?" International Journal of Obesity, 40(1): S12-S21, 2016.
     Google Scholar
  5. G. J. J. M. D. T. Ayano, "Dopamine: receptors, functions, synthesis, pathways, locations and mental disorders: review of literatures," Journal of Mental Disorders and Treatments 2(120): 2, 2016.
     Google Scholar
  6. C. Borwick, R. Lal, L. W. Lim, C. J. Stagg and L. Aquili, "Dopamine depletion effects on cognitive flexibility as modulated by tDCS of the dlPFC," Brain Stimulation 13(1): 105-108, 2020.
     Google Scholar
  7. K. Sreedevi, "Dopamine Dynamics in Dermatology and Behavioural Science," Journal of Addiction Science 6(2): 34-36, 2020.
     Google Scholar
  8. X. Pan, A. C. Kaminga, S. Wen, X. Wu, K. Acheampong and A. Liu, "Dopamine and dopamine receptors in Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review and network meta-analysis," Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience 11, 175, 2019.
     Google Scholar
  9. P. Yang, W. C. Knight, H. Li, Y. Guo, J. S. Perlmutter, T. L. Benzinger and J. Xu, "Dopamine D1+ D3 receptor density may correlate with Parkinson disease clinical features," Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology 8(1): 224-237, 2021.
     Google Scholar
  10. L. F. Burbulla, and D. Krainc, "The role of dopamine in the pathogenesis of GBA1 linked Parkinson's disease," Neurobiology of Disease 132, 104545, 2019.
     Google Scholar
  11. M. J. Armstrong and M.S. Okun, "Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease: a review," Jama 323(6): 548-560, 2020.
     Google Scholar
  12. D. Matuskey, G. A. Angarita, P. Worhunsky, S. Koohsari, P. Gravel, B. Pittman and R. T. Malison, "Dopamine D2/3 receptor availability in cocaine use disorder individuals with obesity as measured by [11C] PHNO PET," Drug and Alcohol Dependence 220, 108514, 2021.
     Google Scholar
  13. R. A. Wise and M. A. Robble, "Dopamine and addiction," Annual Review of Psychology 71, 79-106, 2020.
     Google Scholar
  14. A. Sanna, L. Fattore, P. Badas, G. Corona and M. Diana, "The hypodopaminergic state ten years after: transcranial magnetic stimulation as a tool to test the dopamine hypothesis of drug addiction,” Current Opinion in Pharmacology 56, 61-67, 2021.
     Google Scholar
  15. E. Reimann, K. Kingo, M. Karelson, P. Reemann, U. Loite, M. Keermann and S. Kõks, "Expression profile of genes associated with the dopamine pathway in vitiligo skin biopsies and blood sera," Dermatology 224(2): 168-176,2012.
     Google Scholar
  16. M. S. Al Abadie and D. J. Gawkrodger, "Integrating neuronal involvement into the immune and genetic paradigm of vitiligo," Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 46(4): 646-650, 2021.
     Google Scholar
  17. G. Shebl, H. Sayed Ahmed, A. Kato, H. Dawoud, M. Hamza and A. Haider, "Detection of sequence mutations in phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene isolated from Egyptian Phenylketonuria (PKU) patients," Egyptian Journal of Expertimental Biology (Botany) 15(2): 295-301, 2019.
     Google Scholar
  18. A. MacDonald, A. M. J. van Wegberg, K. Ahring, S. Beblo, A. Bélanger-Quintana, A. Burlina and S. C. Huijbregts, "PKU dietary handbook to accompany PKU guidelines," Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 15(1): 1-21, 2020.
     Google Scholar
  19. H. R. Shoraka, A. A. Haghdoost, M. R. Baneshi, Z. Bagherinezhad and F. Zolala, "Global prevalence of classic phenylketonuria based on Neonatal Screening Program Data: systematic review and meta-analysis," Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics 63(2): 34, 2020.
     Google Scholar
  20. A. Lopez, B. Havranek, G. A. Papadantonakis and S. M. Islam, "In silico screening and molecular dynamics simulation of deleterious PAH mutations responsible for phenylketonuria genetic disorder," Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 89(6): 683-696, 2021.
     Google Scholar
  21. K. P. Siju, J. F. De Backer and I. C. G. Kadow, "Dopamine modulation of sensory processing and adaptive behavior in flies," Cell and Tissue Research 1-19, 2021.
     Google Scholar
  22. M. Romanov, N. V. Dementieva, E. S. Fedorova, A. A. Krutikova, O. V. Mitrofanova, O. İ. Stanishevskaya and V. P. Terletsky, "Genetic variability of indels in the prolactin and dopamine receptor D2 genes and their association with the yield of allanto-amniotic fluid in Russian White laying hens," Journal of Agricultural Sciences 26(3): 373-379,2020.
     Google Scholar
  23. J. Britto‐Júnior, N. J. Antunes, R. Campos, M. Sucupira, G. D. Mendes, F. Fernandes and G. De Nucci, "Determination of dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline in Krebs-Henseleit solution by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and measurement of their basal release from Chelonoidis carbonaria aortae in vitro," Biomedical Chromatography 35(2): e4978, 2021.
     Google Scholar
  24. C. A. Marsden, "Dopamine: the rewarding years," British Journal of Pharmacology 147(S1): S136-S144, 2006.
     Google Scholar
  25. S. Yoon, S.C. Ji, J. Yang, Y. K. Kim, S. Lee, K. S. Yu and J. Y. Cho, "Ursodeoxycholic acid improves liver function via phenylalanine/tyrosine pathway and microbiome remodelling in patients with liver dysfunction,"Scientific Reports 8(1): 1-11, 2018.
     Google Scholar
  26. M. Jaber, S. W. Robinson, C. Missale and M. G. Caron, "Dopamine receptors and brain function," Neuropharmacology 35(11): 1503-1519,1996.
     Google Scholar
  27. J. M. Beaulieu and R. R. Gainetdinov, "The physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of dopamine receptors," Pharmacological Reviews 63(1): 182-217, 2011.
     Google Scholar
  28. A. B. Ruzilawati, M. A. Islam, S. K. S. Muhamed and I. Ahmad, "Smoking Genes: A Case–Control Study of Dopamine Transporter Gene (SLC6A3) and Dopamine Receptor Genes (DRD1, DRD2 and DRD3) Polymorphisms and Smoking Behaviour in a Malay Male Cohort," Biomolecules 10(12): 1633, 2020.
     Google Scholar
  29. J. Diaz, C. Pilon, B. Le Foll, C. Gros, A. Triller, J. C. Schwartz and P. Sokoloff, "Dopamine D3 receptors expressed by all mesencephalic dopamine neurons," Journal of Neuroscience 20(23): 8677-8684, 2000.
     Google Scholar
  30. T. Ott and A. Nieder, "Dopamine D2 receptors enhance population dynamics in primate prefrontal working memory circuits," Cerebral Cortex 27(9): 4423-4435, 2017.
     Google Scholar
  31. Z. B. You, J. T. Gao, G. H. Bi, Y. He, C. Boateng, J. Cao and Z. X. Xi, "The novel dopamine D3 receptor antagonists/partial agonists CAB2-015 and BAK4-54 inhibit oxycodone-taking and oxycodone-seeking behavior in rats," Neuropharmacology 126, 190-199, 2017.
     Google Scholar
  32. J. P. Prieto, B. González, J. Muñiz, V. Bisagno and C. Scorza, "Molecular changes in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex associated with the locomotor sensitization induced by coca paste seized samples," Psychopharmacology 1-11, 2020.
     Google Scholar
  33. A. G. Stanfill and X. Cao,"Expression of Dopamine-Related Genes in Four Human Brain Regions," Brain Sciences 10(8): 567, 2020.
     Google Scholar
  34. R. Guerrero-Bautista, A. Franco-García, J. M. Hidalgo, F. J. Fernández-Gómez, B. Ribeiro Do Couto, M. Milanés and C. Núñez, "Distinct regulation of dopamine D3 receptor in the basolateral amygdala and dentate gyrus during the reinstatement of cocaine CPP induced by drug priming and social stress," International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22(6): 3100, 2021.
     Google Scholar
  35. S. A. Bravo, C. Rangel-Barajas and B. F. Garduño, "Pathophysiology of L-Dopa Induced Dyskinesia—Changes in D1/D3 Receptors and Their Signaling Pathway," A Synopsis of Parkinson's Disease 119, 2014.
     Google Scholar
  36. P. Yang, W. C. Knight, H. Li, Y. Guo, J. S. Perlmutter, T. L. Benzinger and J. Xu, "Dopamine D1+ D3 receptor density may correlate with Parkinson disease clinical features," Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology 8(1): 224-237, 2021.
     Google Scholar
  37. N. M. Appel, S. H. Li, T. H. Holmes, and J. B. Acri, "Dopamine D3 receptor antagonist (GSK598809) potentiates the hypertensive effects of cocaine in conscious, freely-moving dogs," Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 354(3): 484-492, 2015.
     Google Scholar
  38. P. Sokoloff and B. Le Foll, "The dopamine D3 receptor, a quarter century later,"European Journal of Neuroscience 45(1): 2-19, 2017.
     Google Scholar
  39. Z. X. Xi and E. L. Gardner, "Pharmacological actions of NGB 2904, a selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, in animal models of drug addiction,"CNS Drug Reviews 13(2): 240-259, 2007.
     Google Scholar
  40. F. Müller-Schöttle, A. Bogusz, J. Grötzinger, A. Herrler, C. A. Krusche, K. Beier-Hellwig and H. M. Beier, "Full-length complementary DNA and the derived amino acid sequence of horse uteroglobin," Biology of Reproduction 66(6): 1723-1728, 2002.
     Google Scholar
  41. M. H. Hendawey and A. M. A. Younes, "Biochemical evaluation of some faba bean cultivars under rainfed conditions at El-Sheikh Zuwayid," Annals of Agricultural Sciences 58(2): 183-193, 2013.
     Google Scholar
  42. G. Shebl, H. Sayed Ahmed, A. Kato and A. Haider, "ISSR markers of some faba bean (Vicia faba L.) genotypes in relation to phenylalanine accumulation," Egyptian Journal of. Expertimental Biology (Botany) 14(1): 73-82, 2018. ‏
     Google Scholar
  43. P. J. Esteves, J. Abrantes, H. M. Baldauf, L. BenMohamed, Y. Chen, N. Christensen and O. T. Keppler, "The wide utility of rabbits as models of human diseases," Experimental & Molecular Medicine 50(5): 1-10, 2018.
     Google Scholar
  44. J. Hu, S. J. Kwon, J. J. Park, E. Landry, D. S. Mattinson and D. R. Gang, "LC-MS determination of L-DOPA concentration in the leaf and flower tissues of six faba bean (Vicia faba L.) lines with common and rare flower colors," Functional Foods in Health and Disease 5(7): 243-250, 2015.
     Google Scholar
  45. H. Stȕtzel and M. S. Hanafy, "Impact of chitosan on shoot regeneration from faba bean embryo axes through its effect on phenolic compounds and endogenous hormones," Plant Archives 20(1): 2269-2279, 2020.
     Google Scholar
  46. R. H. Mekky, M. M. Thabet, C. Rodríguez-Pérez, D. M. Y. Elnaggar, E. A. Mahrous, A. Segura-Carretero and E. Abdel-Sattar, "Comparative metabolite profiling and antioxidant potentials of seeds and sprouts of three Egyptian cultivars of Vicia faba L," Food Research International 136, 109537, 2020.
     Google Scholar
  47. S. A. Fleming, A. T. Mudd, J. Hauser, J. Yan, S. Metairon, P. Steiner and R. N. Dilger, "Dietary oligofructose alone or in combination with 2′-fucosyllactose differentially improves recognition memory and hippocampal mRNA expression," Nutrients 12(7): 2131, 2020.
     Google Scholar
  48. K. P. Skibicka, C. Hansson, E. Egecioglu and S.L. Dickson, "Role of ghrelin in food reward: impact of ghrelin on sucrose self‐administration and mesolimbic dopamine and acetylcholine receptor gene expression," Addiction Biology 17(1): 95-107, 2012.
     Google Scholar
  49. M. F. Fernandes, S. Sharma, C. Hryhorczuk, S. Auguste and S. Fulton, "Nutritional controls of food reward," Canadian Journal of Diabetes, 37(4): 260-268, 2013.
     Google Scholar
  50. H. Zhang and X. F. Gu, "A study of gene expression profiles of cultured embryonic rat neurons induced by phenylalanine," Metabolic Brain Disease 20(1): 61-72, 2005.
     Google Scholar
  51. L. L. Santos, C. G. Fonseca, A. L. Starling, J. N. Januario, M. J. Aguiar, M. G. Peixoto and M. R. Carvalho,"Variations in genotype-phenotype correlations in phenylketonuria
     Google Scholar