##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

Marine sponges have been the potential source of bioactive compounds with potent antimicrobial properties. Sponge associated microbes significantly provide the route of biosynthesis of some of these compounds. In this work, a total of 100 bacterial colonies were screened from a marine sponge from Class Demospongiae, which has been collected from Merambong Island, the state of Johor, Malaysia. In disk diffusion assay, only 2 out of 100 isolates; namely C40 and C52, were able to demonstrate active inhibitions against selected human pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, except for Staphylococcus aureus). Isolates C40 and C52 were characterized to be Gram negative short rods, non-spore formers and catalase positive. Unlike the majority of other isolates from sponge which were Gram positive rods, Isolate C40 and C52 are Gram negative rods which grew in yellow pigmented colonies. Genotypic characterization using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing were carried out on each isolate (accession number for C40 and C52 is MT645493 and MT645494, respectively). The 16S ribosomal RNA sequences revealed that these strains belonged to genus Pseudoalteromonas sp. with 97-98% similarities. Inhibitions studies showed that this sponge associated microorganisms potentially produce anti-microbial compounds useful for biotechnologies.

References

  1. future," Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, vol. 43, no. 2-3: pp. 155-176, 2016.
     Google Scholar
  2. Brinkmann, C.M., Marker, A., and Kurtböke, D.İ., "An Overview on Marine Sponge-Symbiotic Bacteria as Unexhausted Sources for Natural Product Discovery," Diversity, vol. 9, no. 4: pp. 40, 2017.
     Google Scholar
  3. Khalifa, S.A.M., Elias, N., Farag, M.A., Chen, L., Saeed, A., Hegazy, M.F., Moustafa, M.S., Abd El-Wahed, A., Al-Mousawi, S.M., Musharraf, S.G., Chang, F.R., Iwasaki, A., Suenaga, K., Alajlani, M., Göransson, U., and El-Seedi, H.R., "Marine Natural Products: A Source of Novel Anticancer Drugs," Marine Drugs, vol. 17, no. 9, 2019.
     Google Scholar
  4. Pita, L., Rix, L., Slaby, B.M., Franke, A., and Hentschel, U., "The sponge holobiont in a changing ocean: from microbes to ecosystems," Microbiome, vol. 6, no. 1: pp. 46, 2018.
     Google Scholar
  5. Hentschel, U., Hopke, J., Horn, M., Friedrich, A.B., Wagner, M., Hacker, J., and S, M.B., "Molecular evidence for a uniform microbial community in sponges from different oceans," Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 68, no. 9: pp. 4431-4440, 2002.
     Google Scholar
  6. Vikineswary, S., Christabel, L.J., Thong, K.L., Tan, G.Y.A., and Affendi, Y.A., Sponges of Tioman and their actinomycetes inhabitants., in Natural history of the Pulau Tioman Group of Islands, P.e. al., Editor 2008, IOES monograph series . University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. p. 35-41.
     Google Scholar
  7. Mohd Din, L.H., Ahmad, S., and Ismail, N., (2nd August 2020)"Polysaccharides-producing bacteria isolated from marine sponge, Theonella sp. and their bioactivities," AACL Bioflux, vol. [Online]. 11(5): pp., 2018. Available: http://www.bioflux.com.ro/docs/2018.1548-1556.pdf
     Google Scholar
  8. Jafarzade, M., N.A., Y., S., M., G., U., and Ahmad, A., "Isolation and characterization of pigmented bacteria showing antimicrobial activity from Malaysian marine environment," Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 9, no. 2: pp. 152-160, 2013.
     Google Scholar
  9. Amelia, T.S.M., Amirul, A.A., Saidin, J., and Bhubalan, K., "Identification of Cultivable Bacteria from Tropical Marine Sponges and Their Biotechnological Potentials," Tropical Life Sciences Research, vol. 29, no. 2: pp. 187-199, 2018.
     Google Scholar
  10. Baskaran, R., Thenmozhi, S., Kumar, K.V., Mohan, P.M., and Vijayakumar, R., "Streptomycetes associated with marine sponges collected from Andaman Sea; and Its antibacterial activity," Malaysian Journal of Microbiology, vol. 13, no. 3: pp. 253-260, 2017.
     Google Scholar
  11. Sufian, N., N, H., Naim, M., Hamid, T.A.T.H., Huyop, F., and Hamid, A.A.A., "Isolation and identification of 3-chloropropionic acid degrading bacterium from marine sponge," Jurnal Teknologi, vol. 77, no., 2015.
     Google Scholar
  12. Hamid, T.H.A., hamid, A.A.A., and Padzil, N.H., "Isolation of moderately halophilic lipase producing bacteria from sponges in Pahang coastal water, Malaysia," Jurnal Teknologi, vol. 77, no., 2015.
     Google Scholar
  13. Indraningrat, A.A.G., Smidt, H., and Sipkema, D., "Bioprospecting Sponge-Associated Microbes for Antimicrobial Compounds," Marine Drugs, vol. 14, no. 5: pp. 87, 2016.
     Google Scholar
  14. Selvin, J., Ninawe, A., Kiran, S., and Lipton, A., "Sponge-microbial interactions: Ecological implications and bioprospecting avenues," Critical Reviews in Microbiology, vol. 36, no.: pp. 82-90, 2010.
     Google Scholar
  15. Amelia, T.S.M., Lau, N.-S., Amirul, A.A., and Bhubalan, K., (29th August 2020)"Metagenomic data on bacterial diversity profiling of high-microbial-abundance tropical marine sponges Aaptos aaptos and Xestospongia muta from waters off Terengganu, South China Sea," Data in Brief, vol. [Online]. 31(105971, 2020. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105971
     Google Scholar
  16. Abiola, C. and Oyetayo, V.O., "Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Microorganisms Associated with the Fermentation of Kersting’s groundnut (Macrotyloma geocarpum)," Journal of Microbiology, vol. 11, no. 2-3: pp. 47-55, 2016.
     Google Scholar
  17. Zain, N.A.M., Salikan, N.A., and K, Y.K., "Isolation of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria from Rivers in Terengganu, Malaysia," International Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, vol. 3, no. 3: pp. 241-257, 2020.
     Google Scholar
  18. Edwards, U., Rogall, T., Blocker, H., Emde, M., and Bottger, E.C., "Isolation and direct complete nucleotide determination of entire genes.," Nucleic Acid Research vol. 17, no.: pp. 7843-7853, 1989.
     Google Scholar
  19. Khalifa, A. and Aldayel, M., "Isolation and characterisation of the agarolytic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas ruthenica," Open Life Sciences, vol. 14, no.: pp. 588-594, 2019.
     Google Scholar
  20. Lau, S.C.K., Tsoi, M.M.Y., Li, X., Dobretsov, S., Plakhotnikova, Y., Wong, P.K., and Qian, P.Y., "Pseudoalteromonas spongiae sp. nov., a novel member of the gamma-Proteobacteria isolated from the sponge Mycale adhaerens in Hong Kong waters," International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, vol. 55, no. Pt 4: pp. 1593-1596, 2005.
     Google Scholar
  21. Ivanova, E.P., Shevchenko, L.S., Sawabe, T., Lysenko, A.M., Svetashev, V.I., Gorshkova, N.M., Satomi, M., Christen, R., and Mikhailov, V.V., "Pseudoalteromonas maricaloris sp. nov., isolated from an Australian sponge, and reclassification of [Pseudoalteromonas aurantia] NCIMB 2033 as Pseudoalteromonas flavipulchra sp. nov," International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, vol. 52, no. Pt 1: pp. 263-271, 2002.
     Google Scholar
  22. Seal, B.S., Drider, D., Oakley, B.B., Brüssow, H., Bikard, D., Rich, J.O., Miller, S., Devillard, E., Kwan, J., Bertin, G., Reeves, S., Swift, S.M., Raicek, M., and Gay, C.G., "Microbial-derived products as potential new antimicrobials," Veterinary Research, vol. 49, no. 1: pp. 66, 2018.
     Google Scholar
  23. Bowman, J.P., "Bioactive compound synthetic capacity and ecological significance of marine bacterial genus Pseudoalteromonas," Marine Drugs, vol. 5, no. 4: pp. 220-241, 2007.
     Google Scholar
  24. Ivanova, E.P., Chun, J., Romanenko, L.A., Matte, M.E., Mikhailov, V.V., Frolova, G.M., Huq, A., and Colwell, R.R., "Reclassification of Alteromonas distincta Romanenko et al. 1995 as Pseudoalteromonas distincta comb. nov," International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, vol. 50, no. 1: pp. 141-144, 2000.
     Google Scholar
  25. Holmström, C., Egan, S., Franks, A., McCloy, S., and Kjelleberg, S., "Antifouling activities expressed by marine surface associated Pseudoalteromonas species," FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol. 41, no. 1: pp. 47-58, 2002.
     Google Scholar